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Hyder Ali
Hyder Ali Khan ((カンナダ語:ಹೈದರ್ ಅಲಿ); (ヒンディー語:हैदर अली), ), ''Haidarālī''; 1721 – 7 December 1782) was the sultan and ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born Hyder Naik, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's rulers. Rising to the post of Dalavayi (commander-in-chief) to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the de facto ruler of Mysore as Sarvadhikari (Chief Minister) by 1761.〔(KHUDADAD The Family of Tipu Sultan GENEALOGY )〕 He offered strong anti-colonial resistance against the military advances of the British East India Company during the First and Second Anglo–Mysore Wars, and he was the innovator of military use of the iron-cased Mysorean rockets.
Though illiterate, Hyder Ali earned an important place in the history of southern India for his administrative acumen and military skills. He concluded an alliance with the French against the British, and used the services of French workmen in raising his artillery and arsenal. His rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time, as much of the Indian subcontinent was then in turmoil. He was a shrewd leader, and left his eldest son Tipu Sultan an extensive kingdom bordered by the Krishna River in the north, the Eastern Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west.
==Early life==
The exact date of Hyder Ali's birth is not known with certainty. Various historical sources provide dates ranging between 1721 for his birth.〔Bowring, p. 13〕 There are also some variations in reports of his ancestry. According to some accounts, his grandfather was descended from a line of Muslims tracing their lineage back to Persia,〔 while another traces his lineage instead to the area of present-day Afghanistan.〔Bowring, p. 12〕 In a third account, written by one of his French military officers, Hyder himself claimed descent from the Quraysh tribe of Arabs, the tribe of the prophet Muhammad.〔de la Tour, p. 34〕 His father, Fath Muhammad, was born in Kolar, and served as a commander of 50 men in the bamboo rocket artillery (mainly used for signalling) in the army of the Nawab of Carnatic.〔 Fath Muhammad eventually entered the service of the Wodeyar Rajas of the Kingdom of Mysore, where he rose to become a powerful military commander. The Wodeyars awarded him Budikote as a jagir (land grant), where he then served as Naik (Lord).〔
Hyder Ali was born in Budikote; he was Fath Muhammad's fifth child, and the second by his third wife.〔 His early years are not well documented; he entered military service along with his brother Shahbaz after their father died in combat.〔Rao Punganuri, p. 1〕 After serving for a number of years under the rulers of Arcot, they came to Seringapatam, where Hyder's uncle served. He introduced them to Devaraja, the ''dalwai'' (chief minister, military leader, and virtual ruler) of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, and his brother Nanjaraja, who also held important ministerial posts.〔Brittlebank, p. 18〕 Hyder and his brother were both given commands in the Mysorean army; Hyder served under Shahbaz, commanding 100 cavalry and 2,000 infantry.〔Rao Punganuri, p. 2〕
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